2.8 California Missions SLO Exercise
Due Feb 23 by 11:59pm
Points 100
HISTORY 115-5116
SPRING SEMESTER 2024
THE CALIFORNIA MISSION SYSTEM SLO EXERCISE
PROFESOR OSCAR CAÑEDO
THIS ASSIGNMENT IS DUE FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 23 AT 11:59 PM. LATE SUBMISSIONS WILL BE ACCEPTED FOR ONE WEEK THROUGH FRIDAY, MARCH 1, AND A ONE-GRADE LATE DEDUCTION WILL BE ADDED TO YOUR SCORE. THIS ASSESSMENT WILL ASK YOU TO DO SEVERAL THINGS:
READ/VIEW A SET OF PRIMARY SOURCES, INCLUDING ART WORKS, RELATED TO THE FOUNDING AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPANISH MISSION SYSTEM IN CALIFORNIA
ANALYZE AND SYNTHESIZE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES IN RESPONSE TO A HISTORICAL THESIS OR QUESTION.
ARTICULATE A CAUSE OR CONSEQUENCE OF THE EVENT REPRESENTED BY THE SOURCES.
DESCRIBE ONE HISTORICAL PERSONALITY INVOLVED IN THIS EVENT AND EXPLAIN HIS OR HER SIGNIFICANCE IN THIS EVENT.
WRITE YOUR ANSWERS DIRECTLY INTO CANVAS. DO NOT SEND BACK ANY FILES.
HERE IS THE NUTS-AND-BOLTS VIDEO ON THE SLO EXERCISE THAT WAS RECORDED IN 2019. THIS VIDEO WAS RECORDED WITH THE CAMTASIA SOFTWARE AND IT DOES INCLUDE THE CLOSED-CAPTIONING FEATURE. JUST CLICK THE “CC” ICON ON THE YOUTUBE VIEWER TO ACCESS THE SUBTITLES.
**NOTE: FOR THIS EXERCISE, YOU ARE ENCOURAGED TO BRING IN ANY INFORMATION THAT YOUVE LEARNED ABOUT THE HISTORICAL PERIOD/TOPIC FROM LECTURE, TEXTBOOK, PRIMARY SOURCE DOCUMENTS, FILMS AND OTHER SOURCES. THE TERM SECONDARY SOURCES REFERS TO OUTSIDE MATERIALS, INCLUDING READINGS FROM BETWEEN THE CONQUESTS.**
Formal Instructions:
READ/VIEW THE ATTACHED SET OF PRIMARY SOURCES, (THE FATHER DURAN AND INDIAN LABORER DRAWINGS, AND THE FATHER JAYME AND LA PEROUSE DOCUMENTS)
ADDRESS THE FOLLOWING THESIS STATEMENT: HOW DO THESE SOURCES PROVE THAT THE POLICIES OF THE SPANISH CROWN AND FRANCISCAN OFFICIALS DIRECTLY CONTRIBUTED TO THE CULTURAL DESTRUCTION OF THE CALIFORNIA NATIVE POPULATIONS AS THE MISSION SYSTEM WAS BEING ESTABLISHED? EXPLAIN IN AT LEAST 5-6 SENTENCES (BASED ON YOUR ANALYSIS OF THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES) HOW THE SOURCES PROVE THE THESIS STATEMENT?
ARTICULATE A CAUSE OR CONSEQUENCE OF THE CALIFORNIA MISSION SYSTEM REPRESENTED BY THE SOURCES. NAME AND DESCRIBE ONE CAUSE OR CONSEQUENCE OF AN EVENT DISCUSSED IN THESE SOURCES IN AT LEAST 5-6 SENTENCES:
DESCRIBE ONE HISTORICAL PERSONALITY INVOLVED IN THIS EVENT ( THE CALIFORNIA MISSION SYSTEM) AND EXPLAIN HIS OR HER SIGNIFICANCE IN THIS EVENT. NAME ONE PERSON INVOLVED IN THIS EVENT. WHY WAS THAT PERSON SIGNIFICANT? COMPOSE YOUR ANSWER IN AT LEAST 5-6 SENTENCES:
History 115 SLO Assessment: Set of Primary Source Documents
SOURCE #1: FATHER NARCISO DURAN AND CHILD, MISSION SAN JOSE (1844 PAINTING)
SOURCE #2 FATHER LUIS JAYME CRITICIZES THE BEHAVIOR OF SPANISH SOLDIERS (1772)
WITH REFERENCE TO THE INDIANS, I WISH TO SAY THAT GREAT PROGRESS WOULD BE MADE IF THERE WAS ANYTHING TO EAT AND THE SOLDIERS WOULD SET A GOOD EXAMPLE. WE CANNOT GIVE THEM ANYTHING TO EAT BECAUSE WHAT DON PEDRO HAS GIVEN IS NOT ENOUGH TO LAST HALF A YEAR FOR THE INDIANS FROM THE CALIFORNIAS WHO ARE HERE. THUS LITTLE PROGRESS WILL BE MADE UNDER PRESENT CONDITIONS. AS FOR THE EXAMPLE TO BE SET BY THE SOLDIERS, NO DOUBT SOME OF THEM ARE GOOD EXEMPLARS AND DESERVE TO BE TREATED ACCORDINGLY, BUT VERY MANY OF THEM DESERVED TO BE HANGED ON ACCOUNT OF THE CONTINUOUS OUTRAGES WHICH THEY ARE COMMITTING IN SEIZING AND RAPING THE WOMEN. THERE IS NOT A SINGLE MISSION WHERE ALL THE GENTILES HAVE NOT BEEN SCANDALIZED, AND EVEN ON THE ROADS, SO I HAVE BEEN TOLD. SURELY, AS THE GENTILES THEMSELVES STATE, THEY ARE COMMITTING A THOUSAND EVILS, PARTICULARLY THOSE OF A SEXUAL NATURE. THE FATHERS HAVE PETITIONED DON PEDRO CONCERNING THESE POINTS, BUT HE HAS PAID VERY LITTLE ATTENTION TO THEM. HE HAS PUNISHED SOME, BUT AS SOON AS THEY PROMISED HIM THAT THEY WOULD WORK AT THE PRESIDIO, HE TURNED THEM LOOSE. THAT IS WHAT HE DID LAST YEAR, BUT HE DOES NOT EVEN PUNISH THEM OR SAY ANYTHING TO THEM ON THIS POINT. I SUPPOSE THAT SOME MINISTERS WILL WRITE YOU ABOUT THE CASES WHICH HAVE OCCURRED AT OTHER MISSIONS. I SHALL SPEAK ONLY OF MISSION SAN DIEGO. AT ONE OF THESE INDIAN VILLAGES NEAR THE MISSION OF SAN DIEGO, WHICH SAID VILLAGE IS VERY LARGE, AND WHICH IS ON THE ROAD THAT GOES TO MONTEREY, THE GENTILES THEREIN MANY TIMES HAVE BEEN ON THE POINT OF COMING HERE TO KILL US ALL, AND THE REASON FOR THIS IS THAT SOME SOLDIERS WHO WERE CARRYING THE MAIL TO MONTEREY TURNED THEIR ANIMALS INTO THE FIELDS AND THEY ATE UP THEIR CROPS. THREE OTHER INDIAN VILLAGES ABOUT A LEAGUE OR A LEAGUE AND A HALF FROM HERE HAVE REPORTED THE SAME THING TO ME SEVERAL TIMES. FOR THIS REASON ON SEVERAL OCCASIONS WHERE FATHER FRANCISCO DUMETZ OR I HAVE GONE TO SEE THESE INDIAN VILLAGES, AS SOON AS THEY US THEY FLED FROM THEIR VILLAGES AND FLED TO THE WOODS OR OTHER REMOTE PLACES, AND THE ONLY ONES WHO REMAINED IN THE VILLAGES WERE SOME MEN AND SOME VERY OLD WOMEN. THE CHRISTIANS HERE HAVE TOLD ME THAT MANY OF THE GENTILES OF THE AFORESAID VILLAGES LEAVE THEIR HUTS AND THE CROPS WHICH THEY GATHER FROM THE LANDS AROUND THEIR VILLAGES, AND GO TO THE WOODS AND EXPERIENCE HUNGER. THEY DO THIS SO THAT THE SOLDIERS WILL NOT RAPE THEIR WOMEN AS THEY HAVE ALREADY DONE SO MANY TIMES IN THE PAST. NO WONDER THE INDIANS HERE WERE BAD WHEN THE MISSION WAS FIRST FOUNDED. TO BEGIN WITH, THEY DID NOT KNOW WHY THEY (THE SPANIARDS) HAD COME, UNLESS THEY INTENDED TO TAKE THEIR LANDS AWAY FROM THEM. NOW THEY ALL WANT TO BE CHRISTIANS BECAUSE THEY KNOW THAT THERE IS A GOD WHO CREATED THE HEAVENS AND EARTH AND ALL THINGS, THAT THERE IS A HELL, AND GLORY, THAT THEY HAVE SOULS, ETC., BUT WHEN THE MISSION WAS FIRST FOUNDED THEY DID NOT KNOW THESE THINGS; INSTEAD THEY THOUGHT THEY WERE LIKE ANIMALS, AND WHEN THE VESSELS CAME AT FIRST, THEY SAW THAT MOST OF THE CREWS DIED; THEY WERE VERY LOATHE TO PRAY, AND THEY DID NOT WANT TO BE CHRISTIANS AT ALL; INSTEAD THEY SAID THAT IT WAS BAD TO BECOME A CHRISTIAN AND THEN THEY WOULD DIE IMMEDIATELY. NO WONDER THEY SAID SO WHEN THEY SAW HOW MOST OF THE SAILORS AND CALIFORNIA INDIANS DIED, BUT NOW, THANKS BE TO THE LORD, GOD HAS CONVERTED THEM FROM SAULS TO PAULS. THEY ALL KNOW THE NATURAL LAW, WHICH SO I AM INFORMED, THEY HAVE OBSERVED AS WELL OR BETTER THAN MANY CHRISTIANS ELSEWHERE. THEY DO NOT HAVE ANY IDOLS; THEY DO NOT GO ON DRINKING SPREES; THEY DO NOT MARRY RELATIVES; AND THEY HAVE BUT ONE WIFE. THE MARRIED MEN SLEEP WITH THEIR WIVES ONLY. THE BACHELORS SLEEP TOGETHER AND APART FROM THE WOMEN AND THE MARRIED COUPLES. IF A MAN PLAYS WITH ANY WOMAN WHO IS NOT HIS WIFE, HE IS SCOLDED AND PUNISHED BY HIS CAPTAINS. CONCERNING THOSE FROM THE CALIFORNIAS I HAVE HEARD IT SAID THAT THEY ARE GIVEN TO SEXUAL VICES, BUT AMONG THOSE HERE I HAVE NOT BEEN ABLE TO DISCOVER A SINGLE FAULT OF THAT NATURE. SOME OF THE FIRST ADULTS WHOM WE BAPTIZED, WHEN WE POINTED OUT TO THEM THAT IT WAS WRONG TO HAVE SEXUAL INTERCOURSE WITH A WOMAN TO WHOM THEY WERE NOT MARRIED, TOLD ME THAT THEY ALREADY KNEW THAT, AND THAT AMONG THEM IT WAS CONSIDERED TO BE VERY BAD, AND SO THEY DO NOT DO SO AT ALL. THE SOLDIERS, THEY TOLD ME, ARE CHRISTIANS AND, ALTHOUGH THEY KNOW THAT GOD WILL PUNISH THEM IN HELL, DO SO, HAVING SEXUAL INTERCOURSE WITH OUR WIVES. WE, THEY SAID, ALTHOUGH WE DID NOT KNOW THAT GOD WOULD PUNISH US FOR THAT IN HELL, CONSIDERED IT TO VERY BAD, AND WE DID NOT DO IT, AND EVEN LESS NOW THAT WE KNOW THAT GOD WILL PUNISH US IF WE DO SO. WHEN I HEARD THIS, I BURST INTO TEARS TO SEE HOW THESE GENTILES WERE SETTING AN EXAMPLE FOR US CHRISTIANS.
SOURCE #3 JEAN FRANCOIS LA PEROUSE DESCRIBES THE MISSION INDIANS OF CARMEL (1786)
THE COLOR OF THESE INDIAN, WHICH IS THAT OF NEGORES; THE HOUSE OF THE MISSIONARIES; THEIR STOREHOUSES;
THE APPEARANCE OF THE GROUND ON WHICH THE GRAIN IN TRODDEN OUT; THE CATTLE, THE HORSES, EVERYTHING IN SHORT, BROUGHT TO OUR RECOLLECTION A PLANTATION AT SANTO DOMINGO OR ANY OTHER WEST INDIAN ISLAND. THE MEN AND WOMEN ARE COLLECTED BY THE SOUND OF A BELL; A MISSIONARY LEADS THEM TO WORK, TO THE CHURCH, AND TO ALL THEIR EXERCISES. WE OBSERVED WITH CONCERN THAT THE RESEMBLANCE IS SO PERFECT THAT WE HAVE SEEN BOTH MEN AND WOMEN IN IRONS, AND OTHERS IN THE STOCKS. LASTLY, THE NOISE OF THE WHIP MIGHT HAVE STRUCK OUR EARS, THIS PUNISHMENT ALSO BEING ADMINISTERED. CORPORAL PUNISHMENT IS INFLICTED ON THE INDIANS OF BOTH SEXES WHO NEGLECT THE EXERCISES OF PIETY, AND MANY SINS, WHICH IN EUROPE ARE LEFT TO DIVINE JUSTICE, ARE HERE PUNISHED BY IRONS AND THE STOCKS. AND LASTLY, IT MUST BE OBSERVED THAT THE MOMENT AN INDIAN IS BAPTIZES, THE EFFECT IS THE SAME AS IF HE HAD PRONOUNCED A VOW FOR LIFE. IF HE ESCAPES TO RESIDE WITH HIS RELATIONS IN THE INDEPENDENT VILLAGES, HE IS SUMMONED THREE TIMES TO RETURN; IF HE REFUSES, THE MISSIONARIES APPLY TO THE GOVERNOR, WHO SENDS SOLDIERS TO SEIZE HIM IN THE MIDST OF HIS FAMILY AND CONDUCT HIM TO THE MISSION, WHERE HE IS CONDEMNED TO RECEIVE A CERTAIN NUMBER OF LASHES WITH THE WHIP. THEY HAVE SO LITTLE COURAGE THAT THEY NEVER MAKE ANY RESISTANCE TO THE THREE OR FOUR SOLDIERS WHO SO EVIDENTLY VIOLATE THE RIGHTS OF MEN IN THEIR PERSONS. THE CUSTOM IS KEPT UP BECAUSE THEOLOGIANS HAVE DECIDED THAT THEY COULD NOT IN CONSCIENCE ADMINISTER BAPTISM TO MEN SO INCONSTANT UNLESS THE GOVERNMENT WOULD IN SOME MEASURE SERVE AS THEIR SPONSOR AND ANSWER FOR THEIR PERSEVERANCE IN THE FAITH. PUNISHMENTS ARE ADJUDGED BY INDIAN MAGISTRATES, CALLED CACIQUES. THERE ARE THREE IN EACH MISSION
THESE CACIQUES ARE LIKE THE OVERSEERS OF A PLANTATION: PASSIVE BEINGS, BLIND PERFORMERS OF THE WILL OF THEIR SUPERIORS. THEIR PRINCIPAL FUNCTION
IS TO MAINTAIN ORDER AND THE APPEARANCE OF ATTENTION. WOMEN ARE NEVER WHIPPED IN PUBLIC, BUT IN AN ENCLOSED AND SOMEWHAT DISTANT PLACE THAT THEIR CRIES MAY NOT EXCITE A TOO LIVELY COMPASSION, WHICH MIGHT CAUSE THE MEN TO REVOLT. THE LATTER, ON THE CONTRARY, ARE EXPOSED TO THE VIEW OF ALL THEIR FELLOW CITIZENS, THAT THEIR PUNISHMENT MAY SERVE AS AN EXAMPLE. THEY USUALLY ASK PARDON FOR THEIR FAULT, IN WHICH CASE THE EXECUTIONER DIMINISHES THE FORCE OF HIS LASHES, BUT THE NUMBER IS ALWAYS IRREVOCABLE. AN HOUR AFTER SUPPER, THEY TAKE CARE TO SECURE ALL THE WOMEN WHOSE HUSBANDS ARE ABSENT, AS WELL AS THE YOUNG GIRLS ABOVE THE AGE OF NINE YEARS, BY LOCKING THEM UP, AND DURING THE DAY THEY ENTRUST THEM TO THE CARE OF ELDERLY WOMEN. ALL THESE PRECAUTIONS ARE STILL INADEQUATE, AND WE MUST HAVE SEEN MEN IN THE STOCKS AND WOMEN IN IRONS FOR HAVING ELUDED THE VIGILANCE. THESE INDIANS HAVE NO KNOWLEDGE OF A GOD OR OF A FUTURE STATE
THE MISSIONARIES, PERSUADED FROM THEIR PREJUDICES AND PERHAPS FROM THEIR EXPERIENCE THAT THE REASON OF THESE MEN IS SCARCELY EVER DEVELOPED, CONSIDER THIS A JUST MOTIVE FOR TREATING THEM LIKE CHILDREN, AND ADMIT ONLY A VERY SMALL NUMBER TO THE COMMUNION
THE GOVERNMENT IS A TRUE THEOCRACY FOR THE INDIANS, WHO BELIEVE THAT THEIR SUPERIORS HAVE IMMEDIATE AND CONTINUAL COMMUNICATION WITH GOD, AND THAT THEY CAUSE HIM TO DESCEND EVERY DAY ON THE ALTAR. BY VIRTUE OF THIS OPINION, THE HOLY FATHERS LIVE IN THE MIDST OF THE VILLAGES WITH THE GREATEST SECURITY. THEIR DOORS ARE NOT SHUT, EVEN IN THE NIGHT.
SOURCE #4: INDIAN NEOPHYTES WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR PLOWING ACRES OF MISSION PROPERTY
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2.9 NACLA Report on the Americas Review #2 (ASSIGNMENT)
Start Assignment
Due Mar 8 by 11:59pm
Points 100
Submitting a file upload
File Types doc, docx, and pdf
HISTORY 115SECTION 5116
SPRING SEMESTER 2024
PROFESOR OSCAR CAÑEDO
GUIDELINES FOR NACLA ASSIGNMENT #2
FOR THIS SECOND INSTALLMENT OF YOUR THREE-PART NACLA REPORT ON THE AMERICAS REVIEWS, AND FOR THIS INSTALLMENT, YOU ARE TO READ A CURRENT NEWS ARTICLE ABOUT THE CARIBBEAN OR CENTRAL AMERICA FROM THE WEBSITE FOR THE NORTH AMERICAN CONGRESS OF LATIN AMERICA (NACLA) AND SUBMIT A SHORT REVIEW. THE DUE DATE FOR THIS REVIEW IS FRIDAY, MARCH 8. LATE REVIEWS WILL BE ACCEPTED FOR ONE WEEK, AND A ONE-GRADE DEDUCTION WILL BE ASSESSED.
PLEASE SUBMIT YOUR REVIEW THROUGH CANVAS IN EITHER OF THE FOLLOWING FORMATS: DOC, DOCX OR PDF (IF YOU ARE USING GOOGLE DOCS OR APPLE PAGES TO COMPOSE YOUR REVIEW, PLEASE BE SURE TO CONVERT YOUR PAPER TO DOCX OR PDF BEFORE SUBMITTING IT). LATE PAPERS WILL BE ACCEPTED FOR EACH SUBMISSION, BUT ONLY FOR ONE WEEK AFTER THE ASSIGNED DUE DATES AND WILL BE ASSESSED A FULL GRADE DEDUCTION. PLEASE USE BOTH A TITLE PAGE AND A WORKS CITED PAGE (NEITHER OF THESE PAGES COUNT TOWARD YOUR 3-4 PAGES OF TEXT). THE THREE NACLA REPORTS THAT YOU SUBMIT WILL COUNT AS A COMBINED 30% TOWARD YOUR FINAL GRADE. IN YOUR WORKS CITED PAGE, COMPOSE YOUR ARTICLE ENTRY IN A FORMAT LIKE THIS:
EMILY TAYLOR, “GUATEMALANS CELEBRATE RETURN OF ‘DEMOCRATIC SPRING’ AS POTENTIAL VIOLENCE THREATENS TRANSITION,” IN NACLA REPORT ON THE AMERICAS WEBSITE (AUGUST 25, 2023)
IN TERMS OF THE CONTENT OF EACH REPORT, I AM LOOKING FOR TWO MAIN POINTS OF DISCUSSION. FIRST, YOU SHOULD DEVOTE THE FIRST HALF OF THE REPORT TO A SUMMARY OF THE MAIN POINTS IN THE ARTICLE THAT YOU SELECTED. TO HELP YOU TO ADDRESS THIS ISSUE, CONSIDER SOME OF THESE QUESTIONS: WHAT IS THE MAIN ISSUE BEING DISCUSSED? (I.E. IMMIGRATION, ELECTIONS, EDUCATION, ENVIRONMENT, WOMEN’S ISSUES, CRIME, ETC.) WHO ARE THE MAIN PERSONALITIES MENTIONED IN THE ARTICLE? (I.E. EL SALVADOR PRESIDENT NAYIB BUKELE, PRESIDENT BIDEN, SECRETARY OF STATE BLINKEN, FORMER PRESIDENT TRUMP, ETC.) HOW DOES THE ISSUE AFFECT THE PEOPLE OF THE COUNTRY MENTIONED IN THE ARTICLE? DOES THE ISSUE HAVE ANY CONNECTION WITH UNITED STATES INTERESTS? WHAT DO YOU THINK COULD BE THE BEST SOLUTION TO RESOLVE THIS PROBLEM?
AND FOR THE SECOND POINT OF DISCUSSION, PLEASE ANALYZE THE ARTICLE THAT YOU SELECTED AND PRESENT YOUR POINT OF VIEW ON THE STORY. FOR EXAMPLE, HOW DO YOU FEEL ABOUT THE STORY? HOW DID THIS ARTICLE CONTRIBUTE TO YOUR UNDERSTANDING ABOUT MODERN LATIN AMERICA? AND WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THE AUTHORS PERSPECTIVE ON THE ARTICLE? HOW DOES THIS TOPIC RELATE TO CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL, ECONOMIC OR CULTURAL THEMES IN THE UNITED STATES TODAY?
HERE IS A LIST OF ARTICLES FROM THE NACLA WEBSITE PERTAINING TO REGIONS FOR THE MARCH 8 DUE DATE. JUST PICK ANY ONE ARTICLE FROM THIS LIST FOR YOUR MARCH 8 REVIEW. YOU WILL REPEAT THE SAME PROCESS FOR YOUR REVIEW ON A SOUTH AMERICAN NATION, WHICH IS DUE ON MARCH 20. THESE ARTICLES RANGE IN DATE FROM JANUARY 2021 TO JANUARY 2024. FOR THIS LIST, I’M GOING IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER BY NATION, STARTING WITH THE CARIBBEAN REGION FIRST, AND THEN CENTRAL AMERICA:
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The Caribbean
BARBADOS:
CUBA:
Cuba: An American History Review (Book Review)(Nov. 2021)Links to an external site.
CUBA TODAY: HOMELAND, PEOPLE, AND SOVEREIGNTY (JULY 2021)
CUBAS NEW FAMILY CODE IS A WINDOW INTO THE POLITICAL ECOSYSTEM (NOV. 2022)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
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CUBAN MEMORY WARS (BOOK REVIEW) (MAY 2021) (LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.)
“DONT THROW THE SOFA OUT THE WINDOW” DISCUSSING PROTESTS IN CUBA (AUG. 2021)
FOR CUBAN ARTISTS, CENSURE IS THE NORM (JAN. 2022)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
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HAVE YOU HEARD, COMRADE? THE SOCIALIST REVOLUTION IS RACIST TOO (AUG. 2021)
HURRICANE IAN HIGHLIGHTS THE DEVASTATING EFFECTS OF THE U.S. BLOCKADE ON CUBA (NOV. 2022)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
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J-11 IN CUBA (JULY 2021)
MORE THAN SIX DECADES OF SANCTIONS ON CUBA (OCT. 2022)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
ON CUBA: CARICATURES OF THE LEFT AND THE ABSENT CUBAN PEOPLE (OCT. 2021) (LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.)
RELIGIOUS CONSERVATISM IS SHAPING THE CIVIL LIBERTIES DEBATE IN CUBA (FEB. 2021) (LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.)
THE DAMAGING MIDDLE GROUND STANCE ON CUBA (AUG. 2021)
THE FORGOTTEN VICTIMS OF THE 1962 CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS PACT (OCT. 2022)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
THE PERFECT SPY WAS A CUBAN AGENT (BOOK REVIEW) (JAN. 2023)
THE TRIBE: PORTRAITS OF CUBA (BOOK REVIEW) (JUNE 2022)
USING CUBAS PROTESTS AS A CHANCE TO DENOUNCE THE LEFT (AUG. 2021)
WITH CUBANS SPEAKING OUT, HOW WILL THE LEFT RESPOND? (JULY 2021)
YBOR CITY: CRUCIBLE OF THE LATINA SOUTH (BOOK REVIEW) (JUNE 2023)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
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DOMINICAN REPUBLIC:
AFRO-DOMINICANAS AGAINST DEATH (JAN. 2023)
APARTHEID IN THE CARIBBEAN (SEPT. 2023)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
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I Am the Darker Brother: Michèle Stephensons Stateless Documentary (Apr. 2021)
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC AND HAITI AT THE CROSSROADS OF THE MASSACRE RIVER (OCT. 2023)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, LANGUAGE BARRIERS COMPLICATE LIFE FOR HAITIAN MIGRANTS (NOV. 2022)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
MAKING THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC GREAT AGAIN? (MARCH 2022)
THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF ANTI-HAITIANISM IN DOMINICAN HISTORY AND EDUCATION (JAN. 2023) (LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.)
GRENADA:
FORWARD EVER: 40 YEARS ON FROM “BLOODY SUNDAY” AND THE U.S. INVASION OF GRENADA (OCT. 2023)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
REMEMBERING GRENADAS REVOLUTION BEYOND COLD WAR NARRATIVES (SEPT. 2023)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
HAITI:
A LEGACY OF CANADIAN INTERVENTION IN HAITI, 20 YEARS ON (JAN. 2023)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
After Moïse Assassination, Popular Sectors Must Lead the Way (July 2021)
V (Links to an external site.)
ANTI-BLACKNESS KNOWS NO BORDERS AND NEITHER SHOULD HAITIAN MIGRANT RIGHTS ADVOCACY (SEPT. 2023) (LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.)
FIGHTING FOR SURVIVAL, BUILDING FOR POWER (APR. 2021)
GUNS, GANGS, AND NEOCOLONIALISM IN HAITI (JULY 2023)
HAITI AS EMPIRES LABORATORY (SEPT. 2023)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
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HAITIS EARTHQUAKES REQUIRE A HAITIAN SOLUTION (AUG. 2021)
REMEMBERING JOANE FLORVIL, VICTIM OF GLOBAL ANTI-BLACKNESS (SEPT. 2021)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
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THE FOREIGN ROOTS OF HAITIS CONSTITUTIONAL CRISIS (FEB. 2021) (LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.)
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THE POLITICAL ANATOMY OF HAITIS ARMED GANGS (APR. 2021)
TO SAVE HAITIAN LIVES, GLOBAL HEALTH LEADERS CALL FOR SOLIDARITY (DEC. 2021)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
URBAN DWELLINGS, HAITIAN CITIZENSHIPS (BOOK REVIEW) (SEPT. 2022)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
WHY HAITI ADVOCACY NEEDS NEW STRATEGIES (MARCH 2022)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
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JAMAICA:
THE PREDATORY PERILS OF CANNABIS LEGALIZATION IN JAMAICA (SEPT. 2023)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
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PUERTO RICO:
ANOTHER HURRICANE MAKES CLEAR THE URGENT NEED FOR ROOFTOP SOLAR IN PUERTO RICO (SEPT. 2022)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
CELEBRATING 50 YEARS OF EL COMITÉ-MINP (JAN. 2021) (LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.)
EMBRACING THE VAIVÉN IN PUERTO RICAN REPORTING (DEC. 2021)
FEMAS QUICKLY DEPLETING FUNDS UNDERLINE WHY PUERTO RICO NEEDS ENERGY JUSTICE NOW (SEPT. 2023)
PROTECTING PUERTO RICOS COASTLINES & INDIGENOUS HERITAGE (JULY 2023)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
PUERTO RICAN WOMEN PUSH THE BOUNDARIES OF LATINX ART AND CULTURE IN NEW YORK CITY (JULY 2023)
PUERTO RICOS NEW LEFTIST ALLIANCE POSES A THREAT TO US IMPERIALISM (DEC. 2023)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
SERÁN LAS DUEÑAS DE LA TIERRA (BOOK REVIEW) (JUNE 2022)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
THE DEVASTATING COSTS OF PUERTO RICOS SOLAR FARMS (FEB. 2022)
TOXIC RACISM IN PUERTO RICO’S SACRIFICE ZONE (SEPT. 2021)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
WHERE IS THE STATE OF EMERGENCY? (JUNE 2021) (LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.)
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO:
TOPPLING THE COLONIZERS IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO (JUNE 2021)
Central America
BELIZE
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COSTA RICA:
AMID INFLATION, COSTA RICA WORKERS FACE LONGER WORKDAYS AND CUTS TO OVERTIME (MAY 2023)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
COSTA RICA: A DEMOCRACY ON THE BRINK (DEC. 2021)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
COSTA RICA’S RUSH TO THE RIGHT (APR. 2022)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
NICARAGUAN MIGRANTS FACE UNCERTAINTY IN COSTA RICA (DEC. 2022)
THE MYTH OF DEMILITARIZATION IN COSTA RICA (JAN. 2024)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
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EL SALVADOR:
AFTER STORIES: TRANSNATIONAL INTIMACIES OF POSTWAR EL SALVADOR (BOOK REVIEW) (FEB. 2023)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
Alejandro Molina Lara Fought for Workers Rights in El Salvador and the United States (Feb. 2021) (Links to an external site.)
BUKELE RESPONDS TO AVALANCHE OF INTERNATIONAL CRITICISM: THE PEOPLE VOTED FOR THIS (MAY 2021)
BUKELES WAR AGAINST THE PAST (NOV. 2023)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
EL SALVADOR: SURFING IN THE NEW LAND OF THE FREE? (MAY 2023)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
EL SALVADOR ARRESTS PROMINENT ANTI-MINING ACTIVISTS (FEB. 2023)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
EL SALVADOR PRESIDENT NAYIB BUKELE HAS BLOOD ON HIS HANDS (FEB. 2021) (LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.)
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EL SALVADORS SLIDE TOWARD AUTHORITARIANISM (NOV. 2022)
EL SALVADORS STATE OF EXCEPTION TURNS ONE (MAR. 2023)
IN EL SALVADOR, WORKERS FIGHT TO PROTECT PUBLIC SERVICES (AUG. 2023)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
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LEFT OUT OF BUKELES BITCOIN DECISION, SALVADORANS FACE DEEPENING INEQUALITY (JULY 2021)
NO ONE IS SAFE IN BUKELES GANG WAR (JUNE 2022)
RE-MEMBERING THE REIGN OF GOD (BOOK REVIEW) (DEC. 2022)
ROMPAMOS EL SILENCIO” (MAY 2023)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
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TELL MOTHER I’M IN PARADISE (REVIEW) (JULY 2022)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
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THE VALUE OF A VOLCANO (NOV. 2021)
AFTER STORIES: TRANSNATIONAL INTIMACIES OF POSTWAR EL SALVADOR (BOOK REVIEW)(FEB. 2023)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
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UNDERREPORTED AND UNPUNISHED, FEMICIDES IN EL SALVADOR CONTINUE (MARCH 2021) (LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.)
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GUATEMALA:
25 YEARS AFTER THE PEACE ACCORDS, DEMOCRACY WEAK IN GUATEMALA (JAN. 2022)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
ANTI-MINING NETWORKS SUPPORT LAND DEFENSE MOVEMENTS IN CENTRAL AMERICA (NOV. 2022)
COMMUNAL RESISTANCE AND LAND THEFT MARK LEAD UP TO GUATEMALA ELECTIONS (MAY 2023)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
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DIANNA ORTIZ, SURVIVOR AND WITNESS OF THE GUATEMALAN GENOCIDE (1958-2021) (FEB. 2021)
FIGHTING FOR FOOD SOVEREIGNTY IN GUATEMALA (JUNE 2022)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
GUATEMALA ON TRIAL: MAYA LAND RIGHTS CASE REACHES INTERNATIONAL COURT (FEB. 2022)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
GUATEMALA CRACKS DOWN ON QEQCHI RESISTANCE IN EL ESTOR (NOV. 2021)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
GUATEMALAS NATIONAL STRIKE DEMANDS STRUCTURAL CHANGE (SEPT. 2021)
GUATEMALANS CELEBRATE RETURN OF DEMOCRATIC SPRING AS POTENTIAL VIOLENCE THREATENS TRANSITION (AUG. 2023)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
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HISTORICAL MEMORY IN THE DIGITAL AGE (JUNE 2021)
HYDROCRACY AT THE CENTER OF GUATEMALA CITYS ELECTIONS (JUNE 2023)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
IN GUATEMALA, EX-PARAMILITARIES FACE TRIAL FOR WARTIME RAPE OF INDIGENOUS WOMEN (JAN. 2022)
IN GUATEMALA, WILL OLD FOREIGN POLICIES BRING NEW RESULTS? (AUG. 2021)
LAND CONFLICTS TARGETING INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES INTENSIFY IN NORTHERN GUATEMALA (DEC. 2022)
LAWFARE CASTS SHADOW OVER PARADIGM-SHIFTING GUATEMALAN ELECTION (AUG. 2023)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
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TEXTURES OF TERROR (BOOK REVIEW) (OCT. 2023)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
THE LIVES OF THOSE WHO DIED (OCT. 2022)
THE SHADOWS OF THE PAST HANG OVER GUATEMALAS 2023 ELECTIONS (JUNE 2023)
THELMA CABRERA: WE ARE FIGHTING FOR A PLURINATIONAL STATE AND WELL-BEING OF THE PEOPLES (JUNE 2023)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
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WE ARE HERE BY FORCE: MAYA IXIL ACTIVISTS FIGHT FOR ASYLUM AND JUSTICE (MAY 2021) (LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.)
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HONDURAS:
A PRIVATE GOVERNMENT IN HONDURAS MOVES FORWARD (FEB. 2021) (LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.)
ARBITRARY JUSTICE: THE FATE OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENDERS IN HONDURAS (SEPT. 2021)
COMBATING NARCOS OR CRIMINALIZING INDIGENEITY? (JAN. 2022) (LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.)
FOR MURDERED HONDURAN ORGANIZER BERTA CÁCERES, ANY INJUSTICE WAS HER BATTLE (JUNE 2020) (LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.)
HONDURAN WOMEN LEADERS IN THE CROSSHAIRS (JAN. 2023)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
HONDURANS IN THE U.S. FEAR VOTE SUPPRESSION IN SUNDAY ELECTIONS (NOV. 2021)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
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HONDURAS: BETWEEN THE OLD ELITE AND A NEW DEMOCRACY (NOV. 2021)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.IN HONDURAS, VICTORY OF LEFTIST WOMAN PRESIDENT RESTS ON OTHER WOMENS STRUGGLES (JAN. 2022)
UNITED STATES STRUGGLES TO PICK A SIDE IN UPCOMING HONDURAN ELECTIONS (SEPT. 2021)LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.
VERDICT FORTHCOMING FOR MILITARY INTELLIGENCE OFFICER IN MURDER OF BERTA CÁCERES (JULY 2021)
WE DONT EVEN KNOW WHERE THE REMAINS OF OUR LOVED ONES ARE (AUG. 2022) (LINKS TO AN EXTERNAL SITE.)
NICARAGUA:
CRISIS IN NICARAGUA: IS THE ORTEGA-MURILLO GOVERNMENT LEFTIST? (PART I) (AUG. 2021)
LGBTQ POLITICS IN NICARAGUA: REVOLUTION, DICTATORSHIP, AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS (BOOK REVIEW) (FEB. 2023)LIN
